Engineering Calculator Suite

PCB Routing

PCB Trace Width Calculator

IPC-2221 width sizing with resistance, voltage drop, and power loss.

Inputs

Live recalculation enabled

Current

A

Thickness

Temperature Rise

Ambient Temperature

Trace Length

Output Width Unit

Formula

Area = (I / (k x dT^b))^{1 / c}

Width = Area / Thickness

Internal layer constants: k = 0.024, b = 0.44, c = 0.725

External layer constants: k = 0.048, b = 0.44, c = 0.725

Internal Layers

Conservative

Required Trace Width 140.0051 mil

Resistance 0.0075 ohm

Voltage Drop 0.0224 V

Power Loss 0.0671 W

External Layers in Air

Lower width

Required Trace Width 53.8183 mil

Resistance 0.0194 ohm

Voltage Drop 0.0582 V

Power Loss 0.1745 W

Assumptions

Width sizing follows the IPC-2221 current-temperature-rise curve fit.
Resistance uses copper resistivity at the estimated operating temperature.
The operating temperature is treated as ambient plus allowed temperature rise.
Results are estimates and should be verified against board stackup and fabrication limits.

AC Power

kVA Calculator

Single-phase and 3-phase apparent power sizing with optional kW output from power factor.

Inputs

Live recalculation enabled

Power System Voltage

Current

Apparent Power Unit

Display power factor and real power

Enable this to convert apparent power into real power using a power factor.

Power Factor

PF

Real Power Unit

Formula

Single-phase: S = (V x I) / 1000

3-phase line-to-line: S = (sqrt(3) x V x I) / 1000

3-phase line-to-neutral: S = (3 x V x I) / 1000

Real power: P = PF x S

Calculated Output

AC system sizing

Apparent Power 2.4 kva

Real Power 2.16 kw

Power Factor 0.9

Assumptions

Single-phase apparent power uses voltage times current.
3-phase line-to-line apparent power uses the sqrt(3) multiplier.
3-phase line-to-neutral apparent power uses three times the phase power.
Real power is only shown when power factor is enabled and valid.

Reference Sheet

Induction Motor Formulas

Single-phase & 3-phase — speed, slip, power input, torque, efficiency, and thermal losses.

1 — Speed, Slip & Frequency

Universal

Synchronous Speed

\( N_s = \dfrac{120 \times f}{P} \)

Motor Slip

\( s = \dfrac{N_s - N_r}{N_s} \)

Actual Rotor Speed

\( N_r = N_s \times (1 - s) \)

Rotor Current Frequency

\( f_r = s \times f \)

2 — Electrical Power Input

Three-Phase (3φ)

Active Power

\( P_{\text{in}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{3} \times V_L \times I_L \times \cos\phi}{1000} \) kW

Apparent Power

\( S = \dfrac{\sqrt{3} \times V_L \times I_L}{1000} \) kVA

Reactive Power

\( Q = \dfrac{\sqrt{3} \times V_L \times I_L \times \sin\phi}{1000} \) kVAR

Single-Phase (1φ)

Active Power

\( P_{\text{in}} = \dfrac{V \times I \times \cos\phi}{1000} \) kW

Apparent Power

\( S = \dfrac{V \times I}{1000} \) kVA

Reactive Power

\( Q = \dfrac{V \times I \times \sin\phi}{1000} \) kVAR

3 — Mechanical Output & Torque

Mechanical Output Power

\( P_{\text{out}} = \text{HP} \times 0.7457 \) kW

Output Shaft Torque

\( T = \dfrac{9549.3 \times P_{\text{out (kW)}}}{N_r} \) N·m

4 — Efficiency & Thermal Losses

Machine Efficiency

\( \eta\% = \left( \dfrac{P_{\text{out}}}{P_{\text{in}}} \right) \times 100 \)

Total Power Losses

\( P_{\text{loss}} = P_{\text{in}} - P_{\text{out}} \) kW

5 — Variable Reference

Symbol	Quantity	Unit
\( f \)	Supply frequency	Hz
\( P \)	Number of poles	—
\( N_s \)	Synchronous speed	RPM
\( N_r \)	Actual rotor speed	RPM
\( s \)	Slip (dimensionless, 0 to 1)	—
\( V_L \)	Line-to-line voltage (3-phase)	V
\( V \)	Terminal voltage (single-phase)	V
\( I_L \)	Line current (3-phase)	A
\( I \)	Line current (single-phase)	A
\( \cos\phi \)	Power factor	—
\( \text{HP} \)	Rated horsepower	hp
\( T \)	Output shaft torque	N·m
\( \eta \)	Efficiency	%

Induction Motor

Just Enter Name Plate Details of Your Motor

Real-time motor performance from nameplate data — speed, slip, power, torque, and losses.

Motor Inputs

Live recalculation enabled

Power System Voltage

V

Line Current

A

Power Factor (cosφ)

PF

Motor Efficiency

%

Grid Frequency

Hz

Stator Poles Measured Rotor Speed

RPM

Key Formulas

Ns = (120 × f) / P

Slip = ((Ns − Nr) / Ns) × 100

Pin (3φ) = (√3 × V × I × PF) / 1000 kW

Pout = Pin × (η / 100)

T = (9549.3 × Pout) / Nr

Speed & Slip

Motor dynamics

Synchronous Speed (Ns) — RPM

Slip (s) — %

Rotor Frequency (fr) — Hz

Power Analysis

Electrical → shaft

Input Active Power (Pin) — kW

Input Apparent Power (Sin) — kVA

Shaft Output Power (Pout) — kW

Shaft Output (HP) — HP

Torque & Losses

Mechanical output

Shaft Output Torque (T) — N·m

Total Heat Losses (Ploss) — kW

AC Generator

Alternator Nameplate Calculator

Real-time alternator sizing — synchronous speed, electrical output, mechanical drive requirements, and thermal losses.

Alternator Inputs

Live recalculation enabled

System Configuration Terminal Voltage

V

Output Load Current

A

Load Power Factor (cosφ)

PF

Winding Efficiency

%

Target Frequency

Hz

Rotor Field Poles

Key Formulas

Ns = (120 × f) / P — synchronous rotor speed

Pout (3φ) = (√3 × V × I × PF) / 1000 kW

S = Pout / PF — apparent power

Pmech = Pout / (η / 100) — prime mover input

T = (9549.3 × Pmech) / Ns — shaft torque

Synchronous Speed

Field speed

Synchronous Field Speed (Ns) — RPM

Electrical Output

Generator terminals

Output Active Power (Pout) — kW

Output Apparent Power (S) — kVA

Mechanical Drive & Losses

Prime mover

Input Mechanical Power (Pmech) — kW

Engine HP Required — HP

Shaft Drive Torque (T) — N·m

Thermal Dissipation Losses — kW

Formula Sheet Reference

Synchronous Speed

Universal

Synchronous Field Speed

\( N_s = \dfrac{120 \times f}{P} \) RPM

Electrical Output

Three-Phase (3φ)

Active Power

\( P_{\text{out}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \cos\phi}{1000} \) kW

Apparent Power

\( S = \dfrac{P_{\text{out}}}{\cos\phi} \) kVA

Single-Phase (1φ)

Active Power

\( P_{\text{out}} = \dfrac{V \times I \times \cos\phi}{1000} \) kW

Apparent Power

\( S = \dfrac{P_{\text{out}}}{\cos\phi} \) kVA

Mechanical Drive Requirements

Input Mechanical Power

\( P_{\text{mech}} = \dfrac{P_{\text{out}}}{\eta / 100} \) kW

Engine Horsepower

\( \text{HP} = \dfrac{P_{\text{mech}}}{0.7457} \)

Shaft Drive Torque

\( T = \dfrac{9549.3 \times P_{\text{mech}}}{N_s} \) N·m

Thermal Losses

\( P_{\text{loss}} = P_{\text{mech}} - P_{\text{out}} \) kW